Riesgo de ulceración del pie desde la Teoría del Déficit de Autocuidado: Una revisión sistemática
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22759017Palabras clave:
Diabetes Mellitus, Úlceras de pie, Factores de riesgo, autocuidado, Teoria de OremResumen
Introducción: La ulceración del pie constituye una de las complicaciones más graves de la diabetes mellitus debido a su elevada morbimortalidad y repercusión en la calidad de vida. La mayoría de los estudios continúan abordando el riesgo de ulceración desde una perspectiva predominantemente clínica y epidemiológica, mientras que los factores modificables relacionados con el autocuidado han recibido menor atención.
Objetivo: Sintetizar la evidencia disponible sobre la relación entre los factores condicionantes básicos, las capacidades de autocuidado, las acciones de autocuidado del pie y el riesgo de ulceración en personas con DM, considerando como marco de referencia la Teoría del Déficit de Autocuidado de Dorothea Orem.
Metodología: Se realizó una revisión sistemática conforme a la declaración PRISMA. La búsqueda se efectuó en Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, SciELO, MEDLINE y Google Académico, utilizando términos MeSH y DeCS en inglés, español, francés y portugués “diabetes, ulceras de pie, factores de riesgo y autocuidado del pie”. La calidad metodológica de los estudios se evaluó mediante las herramientas de Joanna Briggs Institute y la certeza de la evidencia mediante el enfoque GRADE.
Resultados: Se encontraron 17 estudios que cumplieron con los criterios establecidos (14 estudios transversales, 2 de cohorte y 1 casos y controles).
Conclusión: La evidencia respalda que el riesgo de ulcera de pie es un fenómeno multifactorial. Estos hallazgos sustentan la pertinencia de la Teoría de Orem como marco conceptual para complementar la valoración clínica del riesgo, orientar intervenciones preventivas dirigidas al fortalecimiento del autocuidado del pie, modelos explicativos e investigaciones futuras.
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Derechos de autor 2026 Lilian Yunueth Wlson Mendivil, Juan Carlos Restrepo-Medrano, Patricia Enedina Miranda Félix, Patricia Barreras Bañuelo
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